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1 then
1. adverb1) (at that time) damalsthen and there — auf der Stelle; see also academic.ru/50615/now">now 1. 1), 2)
2) (after that) dannthen [again] — (and also) außerdem
3) (in that case) dannthen why didn't you say so? — warum hast du dann nichts gesagt?
hurry up, then — dann beeil dich aber
4) (expr. grudging or impatient concession) dann ebenwell, take it, then — dann nimm es eben
5) (accordingly) [dann] also2. nounbefore then — vorher; davor
from then on — von da an
3. adjectiveoh, we should get there long before then — ach, bis dahin sind wir längst dort
* * *[ðen] 1. adverb1) (at that time in the past or future: I was at school then; If you're coming next week, I'll see you then.) damals,dann2) (used with prepositions to mean that time in the past or future: John should be here by then; I'll need you before then; I have been ill since then; Until then; Goodbye till then!) dann4) (in that case: He might not give us the money and then what would we do?) dann5) (often used especially at the end of sentences in which an explanation, opinion etc is asked for, or which show surprise etc: What do you think of that, then?) dann2. conjunction(in that case; as a result: If you're tired, then you must rest.) dann3. adjective(at that time (in the past): the then Prime Minister.) damalig* * *[ðen]her \then husband ihr damaliger Ehemann1. (at an aforementioned time) damalsbefore \then davor, vorherby \then bis dahinI'll phone you tomorrow — I should have the details by \then ich rufe dich morgen an — bis dahin weiß ich sicher Genaueresfrom \then on seit damalsuntil \then bis dahin2. (after that) dann, danach, daraufthis is the standard model, \then there's the deluxe version das hier ist das Standardmodell, außerdem haben wir dort noch die Luxusausführunghe gave it his best effort and \then some er übertraf sich selbst dabei4.but \then aber schließlichbut \then again aber andererseitsshe types accurately, but \then again she's very slow sie tippt zwar genau, aber doch ziemlich langsam5. (as a result) dannyou'll be selling your house, \then? ihr werdet also euer Haus verkaufen?have you heard the news, \then? habt Ihr denn die Nachrichten gehört?you spoke to John \then du hast also mit John gesprochen6. (unwilling agreement)all right [or ok] \then na gut, [also] meinetwegen7. (used to end conversation)see you next Monday \then dann bis nächsten Montag fam* * *[ðen]1. adv1) (= next, afterwards) dannit was then 8 o'clock — da war es 8 Uhr
I was/will be in Paris then — ich war da (gerade) in Paris/werde da in Paris sein
he did it then and there or there and then — er hat es auf der Stelle getan
See:→ now3)before then — vorher, zuvor
since then — seitdem, seit der Zeit
4) (= in that case) dannI don't want that – then what DO you want? — ich will das nicht – was willst du denn?
what are you going to do, then? — was wollen Sie dann tun?
but then that means that... — das bedeutet ja aber dann, dass...
all right, then —
so it's true then — dann ist es (also) wahr, es ist also wahr
(so) I was right then —
you don't want it then? — Sie wollen es also nicht?, dann wollen Sie es (also) nicht?
where is it then? — wo ist es denn?
5) (= furthermore, and also) dann, außerdem(and) then there's my aunt — und dann ist da noch meine Tante
but then... — aber... auch
6)now then, what's the matter? — na, was ist denn los?come on then — nun komm doch
2. adj attrdamalig* * *then [ðen]A adv1. damals:long before then lange vorher2. dann:then and there auf der Stelle, sofort3. dann, hierauf, darauf:what then? was dann?4. dann, ferner, außerdem:and then some umg und noch viel mehr;5. dann, in dem Falle:if …, then wenn …, dann6. denn:well then nun gut (denn)7. denn:how then did he do it? wie hat er es denn (dann) getan?8. also, folglich, dann:then you did not expect me? du hast mich also nicht erwartet?;I think, then I exist ich denke, also bin ichB adj damalig:C s1. diese bestimmte Zeit:by then bis dahin, inzwischen;from then von da an;not till then erst von da ab, erst dann2. Damals n* * *1. adverb1) (at that time) damalsthen and there — auf der Stelle; see also now 1. 1), 2)
2) (after that) dannthen [again] — (and also) außerdem
but then — (after all) aber schließlich
3) (in that case) dannhurry up, then — dann beeil dich aber
4) (expr. grudging or impatient concession) dann ebenwell, take it, then — dann nimm es eben
5) (accordingly) [dann] also2. nounbefore then — vorher; davor
3. adjectiveoh, we should get there long before then — ach, bis dahin sind wir längst dort
* * *adj.als adj.damalig adj.dann adj.derzeitig (damalig) adj.folglich adj. -
2 then
[ðen] 1. adverb1) (at that time in the past or future: I was at school then; If you're coming next week, I'll see you then.) takrat2) (used with prepositions to mean that time in the past or future: John should be here by then; I'll need you before then; I have been ill since then; Until then; Goodbye till then!) takrat3) (after that: I had a drink, (and) then I went home.) nato4) (in that case: He might not give us the money and then what would we do?) potem5) (often used especially at the end of sentences in which an explanation, opinion etc is asked for, or which show surprise etc: What do you think of that, then?) torej6) (also; in addition: I have two brothers, and then I have a cousin in America.) nadalje2. conjunction(in that case; as a result: If you're tired, then you must rest.) torej3. adjective(at that time (in the past): the then Prime Minister.) takraten* * *[ðen]1.adverbnato, potem; takrat; (na)dalje, razen tega; torejnow and then — včasih, tu pa tamevery now and then — vedno zopet, od časa do časathen and there — na mestu, takojlong before then — davno pred tem, davno prejall right then — torej prav, no pa dobro, v reduwell then — no!; no dobronow then — toda prosim, pa dobroon then! — kar (samo) naprej!then this, then that — včasih to, včasih onoif... then — če... tedajand then some American slang in še mnogo večwhat then? — pa potem?there and then — neposredno nato, takoj nato, precej natothen is it so? — torej je tako? torej vendar?then how are you? — pa kako se počutite?I think, then I exist — mislim, torej semis it raining? then we had better stay at home — ali dežuje? potem je bolje, da ostanemo doma;2.adjectivetakraten, tedanjithe then president — tedanji predsednik;3.nountisti (takratni, tedanji) časby then — do takrat, do tistega časafrom then — od tistega časa, od takratnot till then — šele od tistega časa, odtlej, šele natotill then — do tistega časa, do takrat, dotlej -
3 before
A prep1 ( earlier than) avant ; the day before yesterday avant-hier ; the day before the interview la veille de l'entretien ; I was there the week before last j'y étais il y a deux semaines ; they hadn't met since before the war ils ne s'étaient pas vus depuis avant la guerre ; it should have been done before now ça aurait dû être fait avant ; phone if you need me before then téléphonez-moi si vous avez besoin de moi avant ; six weeks before then six semaines avant or auparavant ; she became a doctor, like her mother before her elle est devenue médecin comme sa mère ; before long it will be winter ce sera bientôt l'hiver ; before long, he was speaking Spanish fluently très vite, il parlait l'espagnol couramment ; not before time! ce n'est pas trop tôt! ; it was long before your time c'était bien avant ta naissance ;2 (in order, sequence, hierarchy) avant ; G comes before H in the alphabet dans l'alphabet le G est avant le H ; your name comes before mine on the list sur la liste ton nom est avant le mien ; the page before this one la page précédente ;3 (in importance, priority) avant ; to put quality before quantity placer la qualité avant la quantité ; for him, work comes before everything else pour lui le travail passe avant tout ; should we place our needs before theirs? devrions-nous accorder plus d'importance à nos besoins qu'aux leurs? ; ladies before gentlemen honneur aux dames ;4 ( this side of) avant ; turn left before the crossroads tournez à gauche avant le carrefour ;6 ( in front of) devant ; she appeared before them elle est apparue devant eux ; the desert stretched out before them le désert s'étendait devant eux ; before our very eyes sous nos propres yeux ; they fled before the invader ils ont fui devant l'envahisseur ;7 ( in the presence of) devant ; he was brought before the king on l'a amené devant le roi ; to appear before a court comparaître devant un tribunal ; to put proposals before a committee présenter des projets à une commission ; to bring a bill before parliament présenter un projet de loi au parlement ;8 ( confronting) face à ; they were powerless before such resistance ils étaient impuissants face à une telle résistance ; these are the alternatives before us voici les choix qui s'offrent à nous ; the task before us la tâche qui nous attend.B adj précédent ; the day before la veille ; the week/the year before la semaine/l'année précédente ; this page and the one before cette page et la précédente.C adv ( at an earlier time) avant ; as before comme avant ; before and after avant et après ; he had been there two months before il y était allé deux mois auparavant ; have you been to India before? est-ce que tu es déjà allé en Inde? ; I've never been there before je n'y suis jamais allé ; haven't we met before? on s'est déjà rencontré, il me semble? ; I've never seen him before in my life c'est la première fois que je le vois ; it's never happened before c'est la première fois que ça arrive ; long before bien avant.D conj1 ( in time) before I go, I would like to say that avant de partir, je voudrais dire que ; before he goes, I must remind him that avant qu'il parte, il faut que je lui rappelle que ; it was some time before she was able to walk again il lui a fallu un certain temps pour pouvoir marcher de nouveau ; before I had time to realize what was happening, he… avant que j'aie eu le temps de comprendre ce qui se passait, il… ; it will be years before I earn that much money! je ne gagnerai pas autant d'argent avant des années! ; oh, before I forget, did you remember to post that letter? avant que j'oublie, est-ce que tu as pensé à envoyer cette lettre? ;2 ( rather than) plutôt que ; he would die before betraying that secret il mourrait plutôt que de révéler ce secret ;3 (otherwise, or else) get out of here before I call the police! sortez d'ici ou j'appelle la police! ;4 ( as necessary condition) pour que (+ subj) ; you have to show your ticket before they'll let you in il faut que tu montres ton ticket pour qu'ils te laissent entrer.before you could say Jack Robinson en moins de temps qu'il ne faut pour le dire, en moins de deux ○ ; before you know where you are… on n'a pas le temps de dire ouf que… -
4 before
before [bɪˈfɔ:r]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. prepositionb. (place, position) devant• to appear before a court/a judge comparaître devant un tribunal/un juge2. adverb• I said before that... j'ai déjà dit que...3. conjunction• before I come/go/return avant mon arrivée/mon départ/mon retour* * *[bɪ'fɔː(r)] 1.1) ( earlier than) avantsix weeks before then — six semaines avant or auparavant
2) (in order, sequence) avant3) (in importance, priority) avantfor him, work comes before everything else — pour lui le travail passe avant tout
4) ( this side of) avant5) US ( in time expressions)6) ( in front of) devant7) ( confronting) face à2.adjective précédent3.the week/year before — la semaine/l'année précédente
adverb ( at an earlier time) avant4.1) ( in time)before I go, I would like to say that — avant de partir, je voudrais dire que
before he goes, I must remind him that — avant qu'il parte, il faut que je lui rappelle que
it was some time before she was able to walk again — il lui a fallu un certain temps pour pouvoir marcher de nouveau
oh, before I forget... — avant que j'oublie...
2) ( rather than) plutôt que3) ( or else)4) ( as necessary condition) pour que (+ subj)you have to show your ticket before they'll let you in — il faut que tu montres ton ticket pour qu'ils te laissent entrer
••before you know where you are... — on n'a pas le temps de dire ouf que...
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5 before
1. adverb1) (of time) vorher; zuvorthe day before — am Tag zuvor
long before — lange vorher od. zuvor
you should have told me so before — das hättest du mir vorher od. früher od. eher sagen sollen
I've seen that film before — ich habe den Film schon [einmal] gesehen
2) (ahead in position) vor[aus]3) (in front) voran2. prepositionit was [well] before my time — das war [lange] vor meiner Zeit
since before the war — schon vor dem Krieg
before now — vorher; früher
before Christ — vor Christus; vor Christi Geburt
he got there before me — er war vor mir da
before leaving, he phoned/I will phone — bevor er wegging, rief er an/bevor ich weggehe, rufe ich an
before tax — brutto; vor [Abzug (Dat.) der] Steuern
2) (position) vor (+ Dat.); (direction) vor (+ Akk.)appear before the judge — vor dem Richter erscheinen; see also academic.ru/11106/carry">carry 1. 1)
3) (awaiting)have one's life before one — sein Leben noch vor sich (Dat.) haben; (confronting)
the matter before us — das uns (Dat.) vorliegende Thema
the task before us — die Aufgabe, die vor uns (Dat.) liegt
4) (more important than) vor (+ Dat.)3. conjunctionhe puts work before everything — die Arbeit ist ihm wichtiger als alles andere
it'll be ages before I finish this — es wird eine Ewigkeit dauern, bis ich damit fertig bin
* * *[bi'fo:] 1. preposition1) (earlier than: before the war; He'll come before very long.) (be-)vor2) (in front of: She was before me in the queue.) vor3) (rather than: Honour before wealth.) vor2. adverb(earlier: I've seen you before.) vorher3. conjunction(earlier than the time when: Before I go, I must phone my parents.) bevor* * *be·fore[bɪˈfɔ:ʳ, AM -ˈfɔ:r]I. prepI need to go \before 2 pm ich muss vor 2 Uhr gehenwash your hands \before the meal wasch dir vor dem Essen die Hände\before leaving he said goodbye to each of them vor seiner Abfahrt verabschiedete er sich von jedem Einzelnen\before everything else zuallererst\before long in Kürze\before now schon früher\before the time zu früh\before one's time vorzeitigshe has grown old \before her time sie ist vorzeitig gealtertto be \before one's time seiner Zeit voraus seinthe day \before yesterday vorgesternthe year \before last/this vorletztes/letztes Jahrjust \before sth kurz vor etw datshe always buys her Christmas presents just \before Christmas sie kauft ihre Weihnachtsgeschenke immer erst kurz vor Weihnachtenthe letter K comes \before L der Buchstabe K kommt vor dem Lthe patterns swam \before her eyes die Zeichen verschwammen vor ihren Augenthere is a large sign \before the house vor dem Haus ist ein großes Schildthe bus stop is just \before the school die Bushaltestelle befindet sich direkt vor der Schulemany mothers put their children's needs \before their own viele Mütter stellen die Bedürfnisse ihrer Kinder über ihre eigenenI'd go to prison \before asking her for money ich würde eher ins Gefängnis gehen, als sie um Geld zu bittenfor me family is \before everything die Familie geht mir über alleshe stood up \before the audience er stand vor dem Publikum aufit happened \before her very eyes es geschah vor ihren Augenour case is coming \before the court this week unser Fall kommt diese Woche vor Gerichtthe task \before us die Aufgabe, vor der wir stehento lie \before one vor jdm liegento have sth \before one etw vor sich dat habenyou have your whole future \before you du hast noch deine ganze Zukunft vor dirII. conj1. (at previous time) bevor\before you criticize me,... bevor du mich kritisierst,...she was waiting long \before it was time sie wartete schon lange, bevor es soweit warjust \before she left the house,... als sie gerade das Haus verlassen wollte,...but \before I knew it, she was gone doch ehe ich mich versah, war sie schon verschwunden2. (rather than) bevor, ehe\before they testified against their friends, they said they'd go to jail sie würden eher ins Gefängnis gehen, als gegen ihre Freunde auszusagen, meinten siethey would die \before they would cooperate with each other sie würden lieber sterben als miteinander zusammenzuarbeiten3. (until) bisit was an hour \before the police arrived es dauerte eine Stunde, bis die Polizei eintraf\before we got the test results back, a month had gone by wir warteten einen Monat auf die Testergebnisseit will be two weeks \before he arrives er wird erst in zwei Wochen eintreffen▪ not \before erst wenn, nicht eher als bisyou can't go \before you've finished du kannst erst gehen, wenn du fertig bist4. (so that) damityou must say the password at the door \before they'll let you in du musst an der Tür das Kennwort sagen, damit sie dich hineinlassen1. (earlier, previously) zuvor, vorherI have never seen that \before das habe ich noch nie gesehenhave you been to Cologne \before? waren Sie schon einmal in Köln?haven't we met \before? haben wir uns nicht schon einmal gesehen?that has never happened \before das ist [bisher] noch nie passiertshe has seen it all \before sie kennt das alles schonto be as \before wie früher seinlife went on as \before das Leben ging wieder seinen gewohnten Gang\before and after davor und danach2. (in front) vorn\before and behind vorn und hintenthe day \before, it had rained tags zuvor hatte es geregnetthe year \before it had been rather quiet das Vorjahr war ganz ruhig verlaufenread this line and the one \before lies diese Zeile und die vorhergehende [o davor]* * *[bɪ'fɔː(r)]1. prep1) (= earlier than) vor (+dat)the year before last/this — vorletztes/letztes Jahr, das vorletzte/letzte Jahr
the day/time before that — der Tag/die Zeit davor
before Christ ( abbr BC ) — vor Christi Geburt
I got/was here before you — ich war vor dir da
to be before sb/sth — vor jdm/etw liegen
before now — früher, eher, vorher
to come before sb/sth — vor jdm/etw kommen
before everything — die Ehre geht mir über alles, für mich ist die Ehre das Wichtigste
ladies before gentlemen — Damen haben den Vortritt
4) (= in the presence of) vor (+dat)before God/a lawyer — vor Gott/einem Anwalt
to appear before a court/judge — vor Gericht/einem Richter erscheinen
5)(= rather than)
death before surrender — eher or lieber tot als sich ergeben2. advI have seen/read etc this before — ich habe das schon einmal gesehen/gelesen etc
(on) the evening/day before — am Abend/Tag davor or zuvor or vorher
(in) the month/year before — im Monat/Jahr davor
to continue as before (person) — (so) wie vorher weitermachen
2)(= ahead)
to march on before — vorausmarschieren3) (indicating order) davorthat chapter and the one before — dieses Kapitel und das davor
3. conj1) (in time) bevorbefore doing sth — bevor man etw tut
you can't go before this is done — du kannst erst gehen, wenn das gemacht ist
it will be a long time before he comes back — es wird lange dauern, bis er zurückkommt
2)(= rather than)
he will die before he surrenders — eher will er sterben als sich geschlagen geben* * *A adv1. (räumlich) vorn, voran…:go before vorangehen2. (zeitlich) vorher, zuvor, vormals, früher (schon), bereits, schon:an hour before eine Stunde vorher oder früher;long before lange vorher oder zuvor;the year before das vorhergehende oder das vorige Jahr;haven’t I seen you before? habe ich Sie nicht schon einmal gesehen?;haven’t we met before? kennen wir uns nicht?B präpbefore my eyes vor meinen Augen;he sat before me er saß vor mir;the question before us die (uns) vorliegende Frage2. vor (dat), in Gegenwart von (oder gen):before witnesses vor Zeugenthe week before last vorletzte Woche;before long in Kürze, bald;what is before us was (in der Zukunft) vor uns liegt;4. (Reihenfolge, Rang) vor (akk oder dat):be before the others den anderen (in der Schule etc) voraus seinC konj1. bevor, bis, ehe:not before nicht früher oder eher als bis, erst als, erst wenn2. lieber oder eher …, als dass:* * *1. adverb1) (of time) vorher; zuvorlong before — lange vorher od. zuvor
you should have told me so before — das hättest du mir vorher od. früher od. eher sagen sollen
I've seen that film before — ich habe den Film schon [einmal] gesehen
2) (ahead in position) vor[aus]3) (in front) voran2. preposition1) (of time) vor (+ Dat.)it was [well] before my time — das war [lange] vor meiner Zeit
before now — vorher; früher
before Christ — vor Christus; vor Christi Geburt
before leaving, he phoned/I will phone — bevor er wegging, rief er an/bevor ich weggehe, rufe ich an
before tax — brutto; vor [Abzug (Dat.) der] Steuern
2) (position) vor (+ Dat.); (direction) vor (+ Akk.)appear before the judge — vor dem Richter erscheinen; see also carry 1. 1)
3) (awaiting)have one's life before one — sein Leben noch vor sich (Dat.) haben; (confronting)
the matter before us — das uns (Dat.) vorliegende Thema
the task before us — die Aufgabe, die vor uns (Dat.) liegt
4) (more important than) vor (+ Dat.)3. conjunctionit'll be ages before I finish this — es wird eine Ewigkeit dauern, bis ich damit fertig bin
* * *(after) tax expr.vor (nach)Abzug der Steuern ausdr. adv.bevor adv.eh adv.voran adv.vorher adv.vorn adv. prep.vor präp. -
6 before
I [bɪ'fɔː(r)]1) (earlier than) prima (di)2) (in order, sequence, priority) prima di, davanti afor him, work comes before everything else — per lui il lavoro viene prima di tutto
3) (this side of) prima di4) AE (in time expressions)5) (in front of) davanti a6) (in the presence of) davanti a, dinanzi a7) (confronting) di fronte aII [bɪ'fɔː(r)]aggettivo prima, precedenteIII [bɪ'fɔː(r)]the day, the year before — il giorno, l'anno prima
avverbio (at an earlier time) primaIV [bɪ'fɔː(r)]1) (in time)before I go, I would like to say that — prima di andare, vorrei dire che
before he goes, I must remind him that — prima che vada, devo ricordargli che
it was some time before he was able to walk again — ci volle un po' di tempo prima che riuscisse di nuovo a camminare
oh, before I forget... — ah, prima che mi dimentichi
2) (rather than) piuttosto che3) (or else)4) (as necessary condition) perché, affinchéyou have to show your ticket before they'll let you in — devi mostrare il biglietto perché ti facciano entrare
••before you know where you are — in quattro e quattr'otto, in men che non si dica
* * *[bi'fo:] 1. preposition1) (earlier than: before the war; He'll come before very long.) prima, davanti2) (in front of: She was before me in the queue.) davanti3) (rather than: Honour before wealth.) prima di2. adverb(earlier: I've seen you before.) prima, già3. conjunction(earlier than the time when: Before I go, I must phone my parents.) prima di* * *I [bɪ'fɔː(r)]1) (earlier than) prima (di)2) (in order, sequence, priority) prima di, davanti afor him, work comes before everything else — per lui il lavoro viene prima di tutto
3) (this side of) prima di4) AE (in time expressions)5) (in front of) davanti a6) (in the presence of) davanti a, dinanzi a7) (confronting) di fronte aII [bɪ'fɔː(r)]aggettivo prima, precedenteIII [bɪ'fɔː(r)]the day, the year before — il giorno, l'anno prima
avverbio (at an earlier time) primaIV [bɪ'fɔː(r)]1) (in time)before I go, I would like to say that — prima di andare, vorrei dire che
before he goes, I must remind him that — prima che vada, devo ricordargli che
it was some time before he was able to walk again — ci volle un po' di tempo prima che riuscisse di nuovo a camminare
oh, before I forget... — ah, prima che mi dimentichi
2) (rather than) piuttosto che3) (or else)4) (as necessary condition) perché, affinchéyou have to show your ticket before they'll let you in — devi mostrare il biglietto perché ti facciano entrare
••before you know where you are — in quattro e quattr'otto, in men che non si dica
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7 before
bɪˈfɔ:
1. нареч.
1) впереди;
вперед marching on before ≈ двигаясь впереди Syn: ahead, in advance, in front
2) вначале, прежде, раньше, сначала, уже I knew her from before. ≈ Я знал ее до этого. long before ≈ задолго до Syn: heretofore, beforehand, earlier, previously
2. предл.
1) перед (в пространственном значении - нахождение или движение перед кем-л., чем-л.)
2) перед, в присутствии( указывает на совершение действия в присутствии кого-л., в каком-л. учреждении) the case before the court ≈ дело, рассматриваемое судом
3) до, раньше (во временном значении указывает на предшествование) before long ≈ скоро, вскоре the day before yesterday ≈ позавчера, третьего дня before now ≈ раньше, до сих пор
4) впереди, перед (указывает на что-л. предстоящее) Your whole life is before you. ≈ У вас вся жизнь впереди.
5) перед, впереди (указывает на более высокое положение, более значительную позицию) to put quantity before quality ≈ ставить количество выше качества
6) скорее... чем (выражает предпочтение) He would die before lying. ≈ Он скорее умрет, чем солжет.
3. союз
1) прежде чем, до того как Call me before you go. ≈ Зайди ко мне, прежде чем уедешь. I'll be done before you know it. ≈ Со мной разделаются прежде, чем ты узнаешь об этом. Get out of there before you get dirty. ≈ Вылезай оттуда, пока ты не вымазался. Get out of here before I call a cop. ≈ Убирайся отсюда, пока я не позвал копа.
2) скорее чем He would starve before he'd steal. ≈ Он скорее умрет с голоду, чем украдет.раньше, прежде - come at five o'clock, not * приходите в пять часов, не раньше - I have never seen him * я никогда раньше не видел его - silent as * молчаливый, как и прежде впереди - there were trees * впереди были деревья - this page and the one * эта страница и предыдущая вперед - he has gone on * он ушел вперед в сочетаниях: - the year * год назад - a moment * минуту назад, только что - long * задолго до, давно уже - the day * накануне - it had been fine the day * накануне была хорошая погода во временном значении указывает на предшествование: до, раньше - * Christ до рождества Христова - come * five o'clock приходите до пяти часов - they took a walk * dinner они погуляли перед обедом - * answering the letter he reread it прежде чем ответить на письмо, он его перечитал - the generations * us предыдущие поколения в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение или движение перед кем, чем-л.: перед - a leaf * the wind листок, гонимый ветром - she saw a road * her она увидела перед собой дорогу - she sat (just) * me она сидела (прямо) передо мной /напротив меня/ - he stared * him он смотрел прямо перед собой указывает на протекание процесса в чьем-л. присутствии: перед, в присутствии - * one's (very) eyes прямо на глазах у кого-л. - * smb.'s face открыто, прямо - he spoke out * everyone он заявил это публично /открыто/ указывает на присутствие в какой-л. организации, в ссуде и т. п. по вызову: перед - he appeared * the judge он предстал перед судьей указывает на рассмотрение, обсуждение вопроса кем-л.: на, в, перед;
тж. передается твор. падежом - the question is * the meeting вопрос должен обсуждаться на собрании - the case * the court дело, которое рассматривается судом указывает на что-л. предстоящее: перед - his whole life is * him вся жизнь у него еще впереди - he was a man with no future * him это был человек без будущего - we have two problems * us перед нами две задачи, нам предстоит решить две задачи указывает на превосходство в положении, ранге, способностях и т. п.: перед, впереди - to be * others in class быть впереди других в классе - a general comes * a colonel генерал по званию /по чину/ старше полковника употребляется при выражении предпочтения или преимущества: скорее чем - death * dishonour лучше смерть, чем позор /бесчестье/ - he will die * betraying his country он скорее умрет, чем предаст родину - I love him * myself я люблю его больше самого себя в сочетаниях: - the day * yesterday позавчера, третьего дня - * everything else прежде всего - * long скоро, вскоре - * then до того времени - * now раньше - it ought to have been done * now это должно было быть сделано раньше прежде чем, раньше чем, до того как;
пока не - I must finish my work * I go home я должен прежде кончить работу, а уж потом идти домой - come and see me * you leave зайдите ко мне до отъезда - it will be long * we see him again мы теперь увидим его очень нескоро - I hadn't waited long * he came мне не пришлось его долго ждать - I'll do it now * I forget я сделаю это сейчас, пока я не забыл скорее чем - he will die * he yields он скорее умрет, чем сдастся~ prep выше;
больше;
to be before others in class быть (по успехам) впереди своих одноклассников;
I love him before myself я люблю его больше самого себя~ prep до;
the day before yesterday позавчера, третьего дня;
Chaucer lived before Shakespeare Чосер жил до Шекспира;
before long скоро, вскоре;
before now раньше, до сих пор long: ~ долгий срок, долгое время;
for long надолго;
before long скоро;
вскоре;
will not take long не займет много времени~ prep до;
the day before yesterday позавчера, третьего дня;
Chaucer lived before Shakespeare Чосер жил до Шекспира;
before long скоро, вскоре;
before now раньше, до сих пор now: ~ настоящее время;
данный момент;
before now раньше;
by now к этому времени~ prep до;
the day before yesterday позавчера, третьего дня;
Chaucer lived before Shakespeare Чосер жил до Шекспира;
before long скоро, вскоре;
before now раньше, до сих порday ~ вчерашний день day ~ накануне day: the ~ before накануне~ prep до;
the day before yesterday позавчера, третьего дня;
Chaucer lived before Shakespeare Чосер жил до Шекспира;
before long скоро, вскоре;
before now раньше, до сих пор day: the ~ before yesterday третьего дня, позавчера~ prep перед;
he stood before us он стоял перед нами~ prep скорее... чем;
he would die before lying он скорее умрет, чем солжет~ раньше, прежде, уже;
I have heard it before я это уже слышал;
long before задолго до~ prep выше;
больше;
to be before others in class быть (по успехам) впереди своих одноклассников;
I love him before myself я люблю его больше самого себя~ раньше, прежде, уже;
I have heard it before я это уже слышал;
long before задолго до long: ~ давно;
долгое время( перед, спустя) ;
long before задолго до;
long after долгое время спустя;
long since уже давным-давноyear ~ предыдущий год~ prep впереди;
your whole life is before you у вас вся жизнь впереди -
8 before
1. adv1) раніше, давніше; колись2) попереду◊ the day before — напередодні
◊ long before — давно вже, задовго до
2. prep1) перед, до; раніше2) попереду3) ніжdeath before dishonour — краще смерть, ніж ганьба
I love him before myself — я люблю його більше, ніж себе
◊ the day before yesterday — позавчора
◊ before everything else — насамперед
◊ before long — незабаром
◊ before now — раніше
◊ before then — до того часу
3. conj1) перш ніж; раніше, ніж; до того як; поки неhe arrived before I expected him — він приїхав раніше, ніж я чекав його
2) швидше, ніж, скоріше, ніжI would die before telling him — я скоріше умру, ніж скажу йому
* * *I adv1) раніше, колись2) спереду; уперед3)a moment before — хвилину тому, щойно
II preplong before — задовго до, давно вже
1) у часовому значенні вказує на передування до; раніше2) у просторовому значенні вказує на знаходження або рух перед ким, чим-небудь перед3) указує на протікання процесу в чиїй-небудь. присутності перед, у присутності присутність у якій-небудь організації, у суді за викликом перед розгляд, обговорення питання ким-небудь на, в, у, перед; тж. передається орудн. вiдм.4) указує на що-небудь у майбутньому перед5) указує на перевагу, вищість в положенні, ранзі, здібностях перед, попереду6) уживається при вираженні надання переваги скоріше ніж, краще ніж7)IIIcj1) перш ніж, раніше ніж; поки не2) скоріше ніж -
9 before
1. [bıʹfɔ:] adv1. раньше, преждеcome at five o'clock, not before - приходите в 5 часов, не раньше
silent as before - молчаливый, как и прежде
2. 1) впереди2) вперёд3. в сочетаниях:a moment before - минуту назад, только что
2. [bıʹfɔ:] preplong before - задолго до, давно уже
1. во временном значении указывает на предшествование до; раньшеbefore answering the letter he reread it - прежде чем ответить на письмо, он его перечитал
2. в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение или движение перед кем, чем-л. передa leaf before the wind - листок, гонимый ветром
she sat (just) before me - она сидела (прямо) передо мной /напротив меня/
3. указывает на1) протекание процесса в чьём-л. присутствии перед, в присутствииbefore one's (very) eyes - прямо на глазах у кого-л.
before smb.'s face - открыто, прямо
he spoke out before everyone - он заявил это публично /открыто/
2) присутствие в какой-л. организации, в суде и т. п. по вызову передhe appeared before the judge [the court, the committee] - он предстал перед судьёй [судом, комиссией]
3) рассмотрение, обсуждение вопроса кем-л. на, в, перед; тж. передаётся твор. падежомthe question is before the meeting [the committee, Parliament] - вопрос должен обсуждаться на собрании [в комитете, в парламенте]
the case before the court - дело, которое рассматривается судом
4. указывает на что-л. предстоящее передwe have two problems before us - перед нами две задачи, нам предстоит решить две задачи
5. указывает на превосходство в положении, ранге, способностях и т. п. перед, впередиto be before others in class [at school] - быть впереди других в классе [в школе]
a general comes before a colonel - генерал по званию /по чину/ старше полковника
death before dishonour - лучше смерть, чем позор /бесчестье/
he will die before betraying his country - он скорее умрёт, чем предаст родину
7. в сочетаниях:the day before yesterday - позавчера, третьего дня
before long - скоро, вскоре
3. [bıʹfɔ:] cjit ought to have been done before now - это должно было быть сделано раньше
1. прежде чем, раньше чем, до того как; пока неI must finish my work before I go home - я должен прежде кончить работу, а уж потом идти домой
it will be long before we see him again - мы теперь увидим его очень нескоро
I'll do it now before I forget - я сделаю это сейчас, пока я не забыл
2. скорее чемhe will die before he yields - он скорее умрёт, чем сдастся
-
10 then
1. adv тогда, в то время2. adv после, потом, затемwell, then she said — итак, после этого она заявила
3. adv далее, потомon the left the church, then a few old houses — слева церковь, а за ней — несколько старых домов
she panicked … then she pulled herself together — её охватила паника … но потом она взяла себя в руки
4. adv кроме того; к тому же; а потомand then you should remember — кроме того, вам следует помнить
until then — до того времени; до тех пор
5. adv в таком случае; тогдаbut then — но тогда; но ведь; но с другой стороны
it was difficult to keep things in order, but then she was such an excellent housewife — трудно было поддерживать порядок, но ведь она была такая замечательная хозяйка
what then? — ну и что тогда?, ну и что же?, ну и что из того?
not then or ever — ни тогда, ни после
6. adv значит, итак, следовательно; таким образомthen you think that … — значит, ты считаешь, что …
7. adv употр. для усиления при выражении согласияoh, all right then, do as you like — ну что ж, поступайте как знаете
8. adv то время, та пораsince then — с той поры, с того времени
now and then — время от времени, иногда
about then — около этого; примерно в это время
now then, stop it! — послушайте, прекратите это!
9. adv тогдашний, существовавший в то времяnow then, a little less noise there! — а ну-ка, потише там!; а ну-ка, утихомирьтесь!
now then, what are you doing? — скажите, наконец, чем вы заняты ?
now … then … — то … то …
now and then, every now and then — время от времени; иногда
there and then, then and there — тут же, на месте
Синонимический ряд:1. also (other) additionally; again; also; anon; as well; besides; further; furthermore; in addition; into the bargain; likewise; moreover; to boot; too; when; yet2. at that time (other) at that moment; at that point; at that time; before long; next; on that occasion; soon afterward3. in that case (other) as a bonus; in that case; still; therewith; thus; under the circumstances4. therefore (other) accordingly; consequently; ergo; hence; so; therefore; thereupon -
11 before
1. adv раньше, преждеall that has gone before — всё, что было прежде
2. adv впередиto have the world before one — иметь перед собой всю жизнь;
3. adv вперёдto catch the ball before the bound — поспешить, не выждать удобного момента; забегать вперёд
4. prep (во временном значении) до; раньшеbefore answering the letter he reread it — прежде чем ответить на письмо, он его перечитал
a leaf before the wind — листок, гонимый ветром
before now — раньше, прежде
death before dishonour — лучше смерть, чем позор
6. prep прежде; до тогоthe day before yesterday — позавчера, третьего дня
before long — скоро, вскоре
7. cj прежде чем, раньше чем, до того как; пока неI must finish my work before I go home — я должен прежде кончить работу, а уж потом идти домой
8. cj скорее чемhe will die before he yields — он скорее умрёт, чем сдастся
Синонимический ряд:1. ago (other) ago; heretofore; past2. ahead (other) ahead; ante; antecedently; fore; forward; in advance; precedently; previous3. antecedent to (other) ahead of; antecedent to; anterior to; ere; in advance of; preceding; previous to; prior to; till; until4. by (other) by; no later than5. earlier (other) already; confronting; earlier; erstwhile; formerly; once; previously6. in front of (other) ahead of; in front of; in sight of; in the presence of7. prematurely (other) ahead of time; beforehand; betimes; early; prematurely; sooner8. rather than (other) in preference to; rather than; sooner thanАнтонимический ряд:afterward; behind; later -
12 before
[bi'fo:] prep., adv.,conj. -prep 1. përpara; para; the year before last parvjet; in 52 BC (before Christ) në vitin 52 p.e. sonë; before then më përpara; before long së shpejti; since before the winter që para dimrit. 2. më përpara (në radhë); ladies before gentlemen zonjat të parat! 3. përpara, përballë; he was brought before the judge atë e çuan përpara gjykatësit; before everyone përpara gjithë botës, në sy të të gjithëve. 4. më mirë sesa, përpara; death before dishonor më mirë vdekja se humbja e nderit/ vdekjen përpara çnderimit- adv 1. përpara, më pare; it had been fine the day before një ditë më pare kishte qenë kohë e bukur; that happened long before kjo ndodhi shumë kohë më pare. 2. (vend) (më) përpara; we went before to see if the road was safe ne dolëm përpara për të parë nëse rruga ishte e sigurt.-conj 1. para se; before I go home para se të shkoj në shtëpi. 2. sesa, më mirë se, para se të; I'll give up the trip before I'll go with them më mire heq dorë nga udhëtimi sesa të shkoj me ta.● carry all before you më ecën, ia dal mbanë gjithmonë* * *para -
13 before
I adv1) раніше, колись2) спереду; уперед3)a moment before — хвилину тому, щойно
II preplong before — задовго до, давно вже
1) у часовому значенні вказує на передування до; раніше2) у просторовому значенні вказує на знаходження або рух перед ким, чим-небудь перед3) указує на протікання процесу в чиїй-небудь. присутності перед, у присутності присутність у якій-небудь організації, у суді за викликом перед розгляд, обговорення питання ким-небудь на, в, у, перед; тж. передається орудн. вiдм.4) указує на що-небудь у майбутньому перед5) указує на перевагу, вищість в положенні, ранзі, здібностях перед, попереду6) уживається при вираженні надання переваги скоріше ніж, краще ніж7)IIIcj1) перш ніж, раніше ніж; поки не2) скоріше ніж -
14 before long
скоро, вскоре; в непродолжительном времениI'm his mother. My son is not in town, but I daresay he will be before long. Can I give him any message? (J. Galsworthy, ‘Swan Song’, part I, ch. II) — Говорит его мать. Моего сына нет в городе, но, вероятно, он скоро приедет. Передать ему что-нибудь?
He had begun to hate the place before long... (K. S. Prichard, ‘The Roaring Nineties’, ch. 14) — Моррис очень скоро стал ненавидеть эти места...
‘We'll have to be married before long, now.’ ‘Do you think so?’ Dick asked anxiously. ‘Do you think..?’ Amy laughed softly. ‘The sooner the better. Then there won't be any talk, by and by.’ (K. S. Prichard, ‘Golden Miles’, ch. 7) — - Теперь уж нам придется поспешить со свадьбой. - Ты так считаешь? - испуганно спросил Дик. - Ты думаешь..? - Чем скорее, тем лучше. Чтобы не было сплетен. - Эми тихонько рассмеялась.
-
15 since then
1. с того времени2. с тех порsince long — с давних пор,
Синонимический ряд:previously (adj.) before; formerly; heretofore; hitherto; previously; until now; up to this time -
16 now
1. adverb1) ((at) the present period of time: I am now living in England.) ahora2) (at once; immediately: I can't do it now - you'll have to wait.) ya, ahora mismo3) ((at) this moment: He'll be at home now; From now on, I shall be more careful about what I say to her.) ahora4) ((in stories) then; at that time: We were now very close to the city.) entonces5) (because of what has happened etc: I now know better than to trust her.) ahora6) (a word in explanations, warnings, commands, or to show disbelief: Now this is what happened; Stop that, now!; Do be careful, now.) entonces
2. conjunction((often with that) because or since something has happened, is now true etc: Now that you are here, I can leave; Now you have left school, you will have to find a job.) ahora que, ya que- nowadays- for now
- just now
- every now and then/again
- now and then/again
- now
- now!
- now then
now adv1. ahorawe used to write by hand, but now we use computers antes escribíamos a mano, pero ahora usamos ordenadores2. yaI can't wait, I want it now! no puedo esperar, ¡lo quiero ya!tr[naʊ]1 (at the present) ahora; (used contrastively) ya■ where do you work now? ¿dónde trabajas ahora?2 (immediately) ya, ahora mismo■ do it now! ¡hazlo ya!3 (in past) ya, entonces4 (introductory) bueno, vamos a ver, veamos■ now, let's begin bueno, empecemos■ now (that) we're all here, we can begin ya que estamos todos, podemos empezar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLby now yafor now por el momentofrom now on de ahora en adelantejust now (at this moment) en estos momentos, ahora mismo 2 (a short while ago) hace un momento, ahora mismo■ have you seen Ann? -- she was here just now ¿has visto a Ann? --estaba aquí hace un momentonow and then de vez en cuandonow now vale, basta, ya está bien■ now, now, don't fight vale ya, no os peleéisright now ahora mismonow ['naʊ] adv1) presently: ahora, ya, actualmentefrom now on: de ahora en adelantelong before now: ya hace tiemponow and then: de vez en cuando2) immediately: ahora (mismo), inmediatamentedo it right now!: ¡hazlo ahora mismo!3) then: ya, entoncesnow they were ready: ya estaban listos4) (used to introduce a statement, a question, a command, or a transition)now hear this!: ¡presten atención!now what do you think of that?: ¿qué piensas de eso?until now: hasta ahoraby now: yaten years from now: dentro de 10 añosnow conjnow that : ahora que, ya queadv.• ahora adv.• entonces adv.• hora adv.• ora adv.• pues adv.• ya adv.n.• actualidad s.f.• momento presente s.m.noun (in US) = National Organization for Women[naʊ]1. ADV1) (of present, immediate future)a) (=at this time) ahorawhat shall we do now? — ¿qué hacemos ahora?
•
now for something completely different — y ahora algo totalmente distinto•
not now, dear — ahora no, querido•
right now all I want to do is... — en este momento or ahora mismo, lo único que me apetece es...•
the time is now eight o'clock — son las ochob) (=these days) hoy en día, ahoranobody would think of doing that now — hoy en día or ahora a nadie se le ocurriría hacer eso
c) (=at last, already) yacan I go now? — ¿ya me puedo ir?
d) (=immediately) ahora; (more emphatic) yaif we leave now, we'll be there by six — si salimos ahora or ya, estaremos allí para las seis
•
I'll do it right now — lo haré ahora mismothey've been married now for 30 years — ya llevan 30 años casados, hace 30 años que se casaron
3) (in accounts of past events) ahorait had once been the pantry but was now his office — tiempo atrás había sido la despensa, pero ahora era su estudio
4) (after prep)•
as of now — a partir de ahora•
before now — (=already) ya, antes; (=in the past) antes de ahora; (=till this moment) hasta ahora, antesyou should have done that before now — ya tendrías que haber hecho eso, tendrías que haber hecho eso antes
I've gone hungry before now to feed my children — ya he pasado hambre antes de ahora para poder alimentar a mis hijos
•
between now and next Tuesday — entre hoy y el martes que viene•
by now, they must be there by now — ya deben haber llegadoby now it was clear that... — en ese momento ya estaba claro que...
•
(in) three weeks/100 years from now — dentro de tres semanas/100 años•
from now on — (with present, future tense) a partir de ahora, de ahora en adelante; (with past tense) a partir de entonces•
till now, until now, up to now — (=till this moment) hasta ahora; (=till that moment) hasta entonces5) (=in these circumstances)a) (gen) yait's raining, now we won't be able to go — está lloviendo, ya no podemos ir
how can I believe you now? — ¿cómo puedo seguir confiando en ti?
now what (do we do)? — ¿y ahora, qué (hacemos)?
they won't be long now — no tardarán en venir, al rato vienen (Mex)
b) (emphatic)now you've gone and done it! * — ¡ahora sí que la has hecho buena! *
now look what you've done! — ¡mira lo que has hecho!
•
any minute or moment now — de un momento a otroI'm busy just now — ahora mismo or en este momento estoy ocupado
here 1., 6)I saw him come in just now — lo he visto entrar hace un momento, acabo de verlo entrar
a) (introducing new topic) bien, buenonow, as you all know... — bien or bueno, como todos sabéis...
now, some people may disagree but... — bien or bueno, puede que algunos no estén de acuerdo pero...
now there's a coincidence! — ¡eso sí que es una coincidencia!
now, what's everyone drinking? — a ver, ¿qué queréis tomar?
d) (remonstrating, pacifying)now Fred, you don't really mean that — vamos Fred, no lo dices en serio
now, now, don't get so upset! — ¡venga, no te pongas así!
now, now, we'll have none of that! — ¡vale ya, nada de tonterías!
•
come now, you must be hungry — venga ya, no me digas que no tienes hambre•
hush now, don't cry — shh, no llores•
now then, what's the trouble? — ¡entonces a ver! ¿cuál es el problema?now then, don't tease! — ¡ya está bien, deja de burlarte!
•
well now, what have we here! — ¡vamos a ver! ¿qué tenemos aquí?8)now..., now...: now she dances, now she sings — liter tan pronto está bailando como cantando
2.PRONhere 3.3.CONJ4.ADJ actual* * *noun (in US) = National Organization for Women -
17 now
now [naʊ]1. adverba. ( = at this time) maintenant ; ( = these days, at the moment) actuellement ; ( = at that time) alors• the couple, who now have three children... ce couple, qui a maintenant trois enfants...• what are you doing now? qu'est-ce que tu fais en ce moment ?• it's now or never! c'est le moment ou jamais !• before now people thought that... auparavant on pensait que...• long before now it was realized that... il y a longtemps déjà, on comprenait que...► by now• by now it was clear that... dès lors, il était évident que...► even now• people do that even now les gens font ça encore aujourd'hui► (every) now and again, (every) now and then de temps en temps► for now• from now until then d'ici là► from now on (with present and future tense) à partir de maintenant ; (with past tense) dès lors► till or until or up to now ( = till this moment) jusqu'à présent ; ( = till that moment) jusque-làb. (without reference to time) now! bon !• now, now! allons, allons !• now, Simon! (warning) allons, Simon !• come now! allons !• well, now! eh bien !• now then, let's start! bon, commençons !• now then, what's all this? alors, qu'est-ce que c'est que ça ?• now, they had been looking for him all morning or ils avaient passé toute la matinée à sa recherche• now do be quiet for a minute bon, ça suffit !2. conjunction* * *[naʊ] 1. 2.1) ( at the present moment) maintenantany time ou moment now — d'un moment à l'autre
now fast, now slowly — tantôt vite, tantôt lentement
(every) now and then ou again — de temps en temps
2) ( with preposition)before ou until now — jusqu'à présent
3) ( in the past)by now it was too late — à ce moment-là, il était trop tard
4) ( without temporal force)now Paul would never do a thing like that — Paul, lui, ne ferait jamais une chose pareille
now! now! —
there now, what did I tell you? — eh bien, qu'est-ce que je t'avais dit?
now then, let's get down to work — bon, reprenons le travail
-
18 now *****
[naʊ]1. adv1) (at present, these days) adesso, ora, (at that time) alloraright now — subito, immediatamente
(every) now and then or now and again — ogni tanto, di tanto in tanto
2)between now and Monday — entro lunedì, da qui a lunedìuntil now or up to now — fino ad ora
3)now (then)! — dunque!, allora!now then, no more quarrelling — ora or adesso basta con i litigi
well now — vediamo, dunque
well now, look who it is! — ma guarda un po' chi si vede!
2. conjnow (that) — adesso che, ora che
-
19 NOW
1. adverb1) ((at) the present period of time: I am now living in England.) ahora2) (at once; immediately: I can't do it now - you'll have to wait.) ya, ahora mismo3) ((at) this moment: He'll be at home now; From now on, I shall be more careful about what I say to her.) ahora4) ((in stories) then; at that time: We were now very close to the city.) entonces5) (because of what has happened etc: I now know better than to trust her.) ahora6) (a word in explanations, warnings, commands, or to show disbelief: Now this is what happened; Stop that, now!; Do be careful, now.) entonces
2. conjunction((often with that) because or since something has happened, is now true etc: Now that you are here, I can leave; Now you have left school, you will have to find a job.) ahora que, ya que- nowadays- for now
- just now
- every now and then/again
- now and then/again
- now
- now!
- now then
now adv1. ahorawe used to write by hand, but now we use computers antes escribíamos a mano, pero ahora usamos ordenadores2. yaI can't wait, I want it now! no puedo esperar, ¡lo quiero ya!tr[naʊ]1 (at the present) ahora; (used contrastively) ya■ where do you work now? ¿dónde trabajas ahora?2 (immediately) ya, ahora mismo■ do it now! ¡hazlo ya!3 (in past) ya, entonces4 (introductory) bueno, vamos a ver, veamos■ now, let's begin bueno, empecemos■ now (that) we're all here, we can begin ya que estamos todos, podemos empezar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLby now yafor now por el momentofrom now on de ahora en adelantejust now (at this moment) en estos momentos, ahora mismo 2 (a short while ago) hace un momento, ahora mismo■ have you seen Ann? -- she was here just now ¿has visto a Ann? --estaba aquí hace un momentonow and then de vez en cuandonow now vale, basta, ya está bien■ now, now, don't fight vale ya, no os peleéisright now ahora mismonow ['naʊ] adv1) presently: ahora, ya, actualmentefrom now on: de ahora en adelantelong before now: ya hace tiemponow and then: de vez en cuando2) immediately: ahora (mismo), inmediatamentedo it right now!: ¡hazlo ahora mismo!3) then: ya, entoncesnow they were ready: ya estaban listos4) (used to introduce a statement, a question, a command, or a transition)now hear this!: ¡presten atención!now what do you think of that?: ¿qué piensas de eso?until now: hasta ahoraby now: yaten years from now: dentro de 10 añosnow conjnow that : ahora que, ya queadv.• ahora adv.• entonces adv.• hora adv.• ora adv.• pues adv.• ya adv.n.• actualidad s.f.• momento presente s.m.noun (in US) = National Organization for Women[naʊ]N ABBR (US) = National Organization for Women* * *noun (in US) = National Organization for Women -
20 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
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